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English articles
In this section English articles are published on neuropathy.
Interstitial cystitis, the role of the mast cell and treatment with palmitoylethanolamide (PeaPure)

Non-infectious cystitis can be due to a variety of causes, such as medication, radiation, foreign bodies, autoimmune response, and but cases of non-infectious cystitis end as being idiopathic in nature; we call this interstitial cystitis (IC). IC is a pain-syndrome characterized by urinary bladder pain and irritative voiding symptoms of more than 6 months duration. The European Society for the study of Interstitial Cystitis (ESSIC) proposed a diffirent name for IC, ‘bladder pain syndrome’ (BPS). Pelvic pain syndrome is also sometimes used.

IC is characterized by infiltration of mast cells and other inflammatory white blood cells, and due to mast cell activation a chronic inflammatory cascade developes, leading to irreversible tissue destruction, dysfunctional pathology such as fibrosis and due to enhanced tissue levels of NGF detrusor overactivity, and hyperalgesia. All the symptoms, voiding problems and pain are characterized by chronic waxing and waning of these symptoms and sadly enough sometimes to generalization the local painsyndrome into a pelvic painsyndrome, or even to irritable bowel disorder or fibromyalgia. Fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS; 35% cases) and vulvodynia (vulvodynia in 20–51.4% of patients) are often seen hand in hand with IC.

Central in the pathogenesis of IC is the mast cell.  The central role of inflammation  and the mast cell have been confirmed in both human as well as in animal models.

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Milestone in pain treatment: Leriche's surgery of pain

"Physical pain is not a simple affair of an impulse, travelling at a fixed rate along a nerve. It is the resultant of a conflict between a stimulus and the whole individual", a quote from the French professor René Leriche, born October 12, 1879, in Roanne at the Loire; he died December 28, 1955. 

In 1938 dr Leriche moved to Paris after he was called on the chair of experimental medicine at the Collège de France, the first surgeon to be named to this the prestigious chair in France. However, he did not operate at those facilities, Leriche operated at the American Hospital at Neuilly. As professor of experimental medicine he was required to gve lectures each year and 'La chirurgie de la Douleur', The Surgery of Pain, published in 1939 was the first publication based on these lectures.

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Welcome to our Institute and Website!

neuron.jpgWelcome to our Institute for neuropathy and neuropathic pain, and our Website. We gathered here for you many articles in the field of neuropathy and neuropathic pain. In our centre we are specialised in treating patients suffering from neuropathic pain and neuropathy following an Integrated Medicine concept. Part of our activities are within the field of consultation. We assist pharmaceutical companies in R&D strategies related to finding new drugs to treat neuropathic pain and neuropathy. 

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Neuropathic pain: what is it?
Neuropathic pain is defined as “Pain initiated or caused by a primary lesion or dysfunction in the nervous system”. Neuropathic pains are divided into peripheral neuropathic pain due to lesion of the peripheral nervous system and central pain following lesions of the central nervous system.
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Honorary Consultants Institute Neuropathic Pain

The institute of neuropathic pain closely cooperates with the Ukrainian Association for the Study of Pain, in order to exchange scientific insights and new treatment modalities in the field of neuropathic pain.

In 2010 we welcomed two colleagues from the Ukraine and since 2010

Prof. Igor Romanenko MD, PhD, neurologist, President Ukrainian Association for the Study of Pain, and

Dr Volodymyr Romanenko MD, neurologist, Ukrainian Association for the Study of Pain, Secretary are our honorary external consultants.

 
Visceral Pain: Global Year

2012-2013 will be the Global Year Against Visceral Pain campaign

This will be launched on Monday, October 15, 2012.

This IASP initiative will focus global attention on pain that originates in or near the internal organs of the body. Visceral pain is the most frequent form of pain, felt by most people at one time or another, the number one reason for patients to seek medical attention, and yet it is insufficiently treated as it is considered just a symptom of an underlying disease: if we treat the disease the pain will go away - an approach that ignores that many forms of visceral pain are diseases in their own right and require focused and specific therapies.

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Neuropathyinfo4u's Channel

Our institute developed a Youtube channel, titel: Neuropathyinfo4u's Channel. We will collect a variety of Youtube movies within the field of neuropathy, neuropathic pain and its treatment. We provide you with all kinds of information on neuropathy. Hence the title.

The adres: http://www.youtube.com/user/Neuropathyinfo4u?feature=mhw4

 
LinkedIn group Neuropathy and Neuropathic Pain for professionals

LinkedIn 4 neuropathic pain!

For all colleagues wanting to discuss on an international level how to treat neuropathic pain optimally and how to find better treatments, we have opened this brand new LinkedIn Group under the header: neuropathy and neuropathic pain. Please Join!!! 

More then 300 specialists in this group! 

The first international specialists, among which anesthesiologists, and neurologists, as well as prominent professors in these fields, have already joined directly after we opened this group. Within three week nearly 60 professionals. Within 3 months more then 300! From the USA, France, Spain, UK, Greece and the Netherlands. We gladly welcome these esteemed colleagues in our network.

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Rise of a concept: neuropathic pain
Medical terminology seems stable. However, although terms and words seem not to change, the content of the concepts might be quite different in different periods of time. This is exactly the case with the concept 'neuropathy'. In the nineteeth century for instantce its meaning referred to all diseases of the nervous system, including psychiatric disorders. In order to analyse the emergence of the concept 'neuropathic pain', as well as the change in its definitions, we analysed a number of publications since this concept was launched. Related concepts, such as neuralgia, neuritis and neuropathy will be discussed too.
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FAAH, the endocannabinoid system and pain due to osteoarthritis
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Pfizer completed recently a Phase II clinical trial analysing the safety of the FAAH inhibitor PF-04457845 examining pain relief in patients with OA of the knee. Reason for some reflections. FAAH inhibition results in higher intracellular levels of endocannabinoids, such as anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide. The availability of palmitoylethanolamide as dietfood for medical purposes seems to make the inhibition approach somewhat debatable. This the more so, as there are a number of warning signals around that FAAH inhibition might also trigger opposite results as what we aim for. The structure of the FAAH enzyme, residing in membranes here above, developed by Scripps.

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Neuropathy in the USA
A recent article on neuropahy in the USA, october 2010:
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Glia cells, abundant in the nervous system
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Glia cells comprise 90% of the cells in the nervous system. The other 10% of cells consists of neurons. In the artist impression we see the high number of glia cells for each separate neuron.

The word 'Glia' is derived from the Greek word for "glue" giving the impression that the main function of these cells is to keep the brain from running out of our ears. (Bear M.F. Neuroscience, exploring the Brain 2007 3rd ed.)

Glia cells are thought to insulate, contribute and nourish neighbouring cells. Recently, more and more knowledge has been gained in the role of glia in neuropathic pain. Glia seems to play a much more important role than anticipated, hence the term 'gliopathic pain'. Glial activation is required and sufficient for chronic pain sensitization, the root cause of neuropathic pain.

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What You Can't Feel Can Hurt You
What You Can't Feel Can Hurt You, the title of a crisp article on neuropathy and its consequences for our health. 
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Pain description and metaphor

If we talk with patients, metaphors are very often used. To descibe actions of a drug, or to describe qualities of pain.

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Belief systems in the treatment of neuropathic pain
There are many misconceptions that may hamper the treatment of patients suffering neuropathic pain. These misconceptions are all parts of belief systems. Your belief system is the actual set of precepts from which you live your daily life, those which govern your thoughts, words, and actions. For a doctor these belief system are defining the way he explores medical problems, and how he treats and prescribes. Belief systems have a strong impact on behaviour! 
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Building together The Virtual Network for Neuropathic Pain

Let us build together on Linkedin:

The Virtual Network for

Specialists in Neuropathic Pain

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Burning, tingling, pain and numbness in hands and feet: neuropathy!
From: Healthy Times Newspaper Archives: Why Do I Feel Burning, Tingling, Pain and Numbness in My Hands and Feet? By Dr. Hashimoto. 
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The Relationship Between Peripheral Neuropathy and Diabetic Retinopathy
There is a clear relationship Between Peripheral Neuropathy and Diabetic Retinopathy, both are based on the the same pathogenesis. At the the World Ophthalmology Congress (WOC) 2010, June 7 the following data on the relationship were presented as a poster:
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Neuropathy and male anorgasmia, penile neuropathy

In our clinic we see patients suffering from neuropathy only. Inability to have an erection is a common finding, for instance in diabetes. Inability to experience an orgasm, while semen flows however, is rare.

Recently in my clinics I saw two male patients suffering from neuropathy, one due to diabetes and onther due to chemotherapy, both have the same issue: they ejaculate, but without any orgasmic feeling. They describe it like a candle going out instead of fireworks. This prompted me to write this entry on penile neuropathy.

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Postsurgical neuropathies
In the September 15 2010 online issue of Brain, the father of neuropathies, P. James Dyck, MD, and colleagues from the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota discuss the origine (cause) of postsurgical neuropathies.
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The taller, the more change for getting neuropathy
The taller you are, the more change you have to get a neuropathy. It was already known that tall people with cancer, treated with chemotherapy have a higher chance on developing (painful) neuropathy. Now based on epidemiological data we know this is a general issue. It is a bit logical, because the taller you are, the longer your nerves are. And long nerves are more vulnerable. Here the story:
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Burning mouth syndrome (BMS), burning lip and tongue
Burning mouth syndrome (BMS), burning lip and burning tongue. Very unpleasant. Penza and colleagues from the *Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" National Neurological Institute, University of Brescia, in Italy interviewed more than 50 patients and correlated the symptoms with the results of a tongue biopsy.
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German versus France in defining neuropathic pain
neupsig1.jpgAt the Third International Congress on Neuropathic Pain, Athens, Greece, May 27 – 30, Hansson, Backonja, Bouhassira and Attal spoke in a workshop about ‘How to Diagnose Neuropathic Pain’. In the workshop it became clear that on the question “what is neuropathic pain” there was no agreement in the pain community.
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HIV sensory neuropathy and pain
With an estimated 33 million people living with HIV, more people gaining access to antiretroviral therapy every day, and HIV–SN prevalence ranging from 20% to 50% or more in cART–treated cohorts, the burden of HIV–SN pain is a problem of enormous global importance. No routinely available therapy has unequivocally been shown to be effective for treating HIV–SN pain. This statement is the introduction of a recent (june 2010) paper on HIV associated sensory and painful neuropathy. 
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Cancer and neuropathy
Lema, Foley and Hausheer from the Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA analysed some relevant issue related to the epidemiology and symtoms, as well as the neuropathic pain in patients with cancer.
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Post-stroke shoulder pain and DN4
Classifying post-stroke shoulder pain: Can the DN4 be helpful?  Under this titel the dutch investigators Roosink and collegaues from the Biomedical Signals & Systems, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, The Netherlands analysed the usefulness of the DN 4 scale in post stroke pain. The shoulderpain after a stroke has both neuropathic as well as nociceptive elements combined. 
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Central sensitization according to profesor Dickenson
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At the third international congres on neuropathic pain in Athens (NeuPSIG, may 2010) professor Anthony Dickenson gave a nice and crisp talk on central sensitization. 

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3rd International Congress on Neuropathic Pain (NeuPSIG)

neuropathic-pain-congress-2011.jpg The 3rd International Congress on Neuropathic Pain (NeuPSIG) took place in Athens, Greece, May 27-30, 2010. 1777 international pain specialists visited a warm and cozy Athens. On the 3rd International Congress on Neuropathic Pain basic scientists, clinical scientists and practicing clinicians with an interest in discovering exciting new developments in the understanding and care of patients with neuropathic pain met.The Special Interest Group on Neuropathic Pain (NeuPSIG) of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP®) designed an advanced scientific program, presented by global experts, featuring plenary sessions, topical workshops and poster presentations. The congress was designed to further the Group's goal ─ to promote the understanding of mechanisms, assessment, prevention and treatment of neuropathic pain.

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Diabetic Neuropathy: introduction

Diabetes and neuropathy: a simple explanation by Jan M. Keppel Hesselink, MD, PhD, president Foundation IOCOB and founder of the clinic for treatment of neuropathy in Soest, the Netherlands and professor of pharmacology.

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News from the field of neuropathic pain
Three recent articles digested for you by the Institute of neuropathic pain: May 2010
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Annual Cost of diabetic neuropathy: circa $4000
The health care costs associated diabetic polyneuropathy in patients range from $1,600 to $7,000 per case each year. As the incidence of neuropathy is expected to rise as the result of an increasing older population at elevated risk diabetes, the overall costs will rise. Here a press release on the costs for neuropathy, dated 27 April 2010, released by the American Pain Society.
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Chronic pancreatitis: neuropathy of intrapancreatic nerves
In chronic pancreatitis (CP) severe back and belly pain with caracteristics of neuropathic pain can be found. In CP there are indications of intra-organ and central neuropathic and neuroplastic alterations.
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Burning feet: trench feet
 In the old literature you can find pictures like these form patients suffering from allodynia, pain in the soles of the feet by walking. The pain is most intense in the forefeet, that is why these patients walk with a cane and hold their toes in such a way, that the toes do not tough the ground. This is described as trench feet. Although an old term, based on world war number 1, you can still occasionally find patients walking like this, due to the severe burning feet.
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What sorts of peripheral neuropathies?
There are a great number, probably more than 100 different types of peripheral neuropathy. And all these neuropathies have their specific characteristics, different causes, typical set of symptoms, different patterns of development, and prognosis. Peripheral neuropathies are in general classified on the basis of the nerves that are primarily affected.
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Moore with a cold and fishy eye on RCT’s in neuropathic pain
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On the international congress of neuropathic pain (NeuPsig) 2010 in Athens professor A. Moore from the Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford, UK, put a cold and fishy eye on what is really known about the efficacy of drugs in neuropathic pain. In his talk he pointed out: “The great thing about being right is that you don’t have to change your mind so often” And Moore cited in the beginning of his talk Ioannides: “The trouble with evidence based medicine I that most of it is wrong.” (Ioannides PLOS medicine 2005 “Most published research findings are false.”)

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AM1241, a Canabinoid ligand against cancer pain
Cannabis is an age-old analgesic which we use off and on for the treatment of severe neuropathic pain, as an adjunct to other treatment modalities. Now, a new study demonstrates the putative positive effect of  a new Cannabinoid CB(2) agonists , AM1241.
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KRN5500 and Neuropathic Pain: weak effect?
KRN5500 is a novel non-opioid analgesic agent, a semi-synthetic derivative of spicamycin: (6-[4-Deoxy-4-[(2E,4E)-tetradecadienoylglycyl]amino-L-glycero-ß-L-manno-heptopyranosyl]amino-9H-purine). Recently favorable clinical results of a Phase 2 study were reported for the primary endpoint and statistical significance was found for KRN5500 compared to placebo in a blinded, randomized, placebo controlled, dose escalation study in patients with advanced cancer and neuropathic pain.
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Management of diabetic painful neuropathy
More than 20 million Americans, representing around 7% of the population, have diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes, and diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is a well known complication and contributes up to nearly 1/3 of all the direct medical costs associated with diabetes.  Around 1/5 of all patients with DPN are suffering from neuropathic pain. How are these patients treated and followed?
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Burning feet and neuropathy

In neuropathy and neuropathic pain patients can be suffering much from burning feet. Whatever the try, the burning and stinging sensations do not waver. The bruning sensations, the sensations of hot and painful feet  is due to damage to the nerves, in this case the long nerves from your spinal cord to your feet. In some cases, the burning feet may be so painful that you cannot sleep anymore.

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Auditory neuropathy
All nerves can be affected by neuropathy, even the nerves to the eye and the nerves to the ear. Auditory neuropathy is a rare discorder, and in July 2010 researcers found the cause of this afliction in the genes:
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Patient-oriented evidence that matters (POEM): Lyrica® for AIDS neuropathy
Patient-oriented evidence that matters (POEM), a nice inroad into the relevance of clinical outcome. Not academic research, but answers to specifici patient related questions. POEM is an action from the JAAPA, the Journal of the Emerican Academy of physician assistants, and iot is a free access journal. Under the header POEMS many relevant topics. As an example the article on the relevance of Lyrica in painful neuropathy due to AIDS. The Clinical question: Is pregabalin effective in decreasing pain in patients with HIV-associated peripheral neuropathy?
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Neuropathic pain: NICE clinical guideline DRAFT (October 2009)
End of 2009 the Neuropathic pain NICE clinical guideline DRAFT became available. (October 2009). Here some highlights of this guideline. Nice stands for National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 
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Treatment neuropathic pain insufficient
There are many people in the Netherlands suffering from neuropathic pains, almost 1% of our entire population and nearly 150,000 new patients each year! There are a number of centers in the Netherlands where there is adequate expertise in the field of diagnosis of neuropathy. But treatment of neuropathic pain remains difficult. And this is our specialty.
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Diagnosis of CAN, cardiac autonomous neuropathy
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is a specific variety of autonomic neuropathy you can find in patients suffering from diabetic neuropathy. 
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Cardiovascular autonomic diabetic neuropathy (CADN)
Cardiovascular autonomic diabetic neuropathy (CADN) is one of the more threatening complications of diabetes. Due to neuropathy of nerves of the autonomous part of the nervous system the heartrhytm is discturbed and cardiac irrigularities can occur. An early sign is slight disturbances of the heart rythm called cardiac variabiliy. 
 
Efficacy painteams disappointing
pijn_echt_pijn.jpgA recent German study examined the effectiveness of painteams. This was pretty disappointing. We had thought there would be more success if patients were treated via this interdisciplinary treatment of chronic pain. Not so. Only one in five patients had clearly benefited from treatment by a painteam. 
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Diabetes and cold feet
Diabetes and cold feet, something else as the burning hot feet many patients suffering from neuropathy may have to cope with.
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New treatment algorithm for neuropathic pain
Treatment algorithms for the treatment of neuropathic pain are many, and mostly they follow the fashionable Cochrane approach and bring not a lot of news. The major problem with this approach is, that it does not work in practice. Treating patients with neuropathic pain is complicated and mostly we need a form of polypharmacy. 
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Painful legs and moving toes syndrome

Painful legs and moving toes syndrome, it really exist. And it is how it sounds. The legs start burning and aching, and the toes start moving on themselves. It is very uncommon, but it can be found. Neurologists found 14 cases of painful legs and moving toes (PLMT) syndrome out of 4,780 patients with movement disorders diagnosed at Mayo Clinic. So all these patients already suffered from one issue, a movement disorder, like Parkinson's disease or dystonia.

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Pain descriptors neuropathic pain
Pain descriptors neuropathic pain, as described in a research article of 1998.
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MGUS polyneuropathy and central nervous system
We tend to think in MGUS polyneuropathy that only the peripheral nerves are involved. But the group of porfessor Hartung from the Heinrich Heine University in Germany looked whether there might be signs of central nervous system pathology. And indeed there was.
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Low dose naltrexone for MS: a pilot trial
Presentation FP48-TH-05 of the 19th World Congress of Neurology, titel: "Study of low dose naltrexone modulation of the endocannabinoid system in patients with multiple sclerosis" from the studygroup from Italy (M. Gironi ety al) discussed the use of low dose naltrexone (LDN) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS. They showed that LDN (4 mg/day) administered daily for 6 months in 40 patients with primary progressive (PP) MS (Gironi et al., 2008) was safe, well tolerated and partially efficacious on spasticity. 
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Pregabalin, Lyrica®, also inhibits glutamate release in spinal cord

Pregabalin is widely used as a analgesic compound for the treatment of neuropathic pain. In this study using a animal model researchers studied pregabalin's antipain mechanisms and assessed the effectiveness of pregabalin in a model using mechanical and cold hypersensitivity.  In general the idea about its mechanism of action is, that both gabapentin and pregabalin inhibit Ca(2+) currents via high-voltage-activated channels containing the alpha2delta1 subunit, thus reducing neurotransmitter release and attenuating the postsynaptic excitability.

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Pregabalin not effective in painful HIV neuropathy:
Pregabalin was as effective as placebo and relatively well-toleratedin the treatment of painful HIV neuropathy, according to a new 2010 double blind study.
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Extended-release gabapentin next to pregabelin
Extended-release formulations serve to extend the life time of a drug for the company and provide easy of administration and sometimes less side efefcts for the patients. Gabapentin has a short half lige time, and needs to be administered thrice daily. Now new extended release formulations are under development, which might become a thread to the twice a day  pregabelin. What the extended release offers for the patient compared to rpegabelin remains to be seen.
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Pfizer initiates Neuropathic Pain Research Awards
Pharmaceutical companies working in the field of neuropathic pain realise that the alliance between industry and academia needs to be fostered. Therefore they kick off some nice activities. One example is Pfizer, one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies working in the field of neuropathic pain treatments. Pfizer Canada initiated for instance the Neuropathic Pain Research Awards Program.
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Metformin indirect cause for neuropathy
Metformin might be an indirect cause for neuropathy, cmlicating the issues in patients already suffering from neuropathy. The mechanism of this unsuspected long term side effect of metformin, is related to the fact that metformin can deplete the body storage of vitamine B12.
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Neuropathy by Levaquin, ciprofloxacin and by other fluoroquinolones
In a newsbulletin the focus was on a side effect from a relative new antibiotic belonging to the class of the quinolones, levaquin. Peripheral neuropathy is a class side-effect of the quinolones, compounds like ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and gemifloxacin and many others. 
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Ixabepilone and neuropathic pain
Ixabepilone and neuropathic pain, summary of the Ixempra Kit (ixabepilone) label for intravenous infusionDetailed View: Safety Labeling Changes Approved By FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) -- October 2009.
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Approved Drugs for fibromyalgia: Lyrica® and Cymbalta®

Approved Drugs for fibromyalgia: Lyrica® and Cymbalta®

People with fibromyalgia have typically turned to pain medicines, antidepressants, muscle relaxants, and sleep medicines. In June 2007, Lyrica® (pregabalin) became the first FDA-approved drug for specifically treating fibromyalgia; a year later, in June 2008, Cymbalta® (duloxetine hydrochloride) became the second.

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Metronidazole is causing neuropathy
Metronidazole is a kind of antibiotic given in special cases of nasty infections. This antibiotic is sometimes mentioned as a cause for neuropathy. Other side effects, such as cerebellar symptoms, disturbances of the function of the cerebellar hemispheres and optical neuropathy are incidently reported.
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Integrated Medicine concept for the treatment of neuropathic pain
Research over the last few decades has shown an increased use of complementary and alternative therapies (CAM) and an integration of aspects of CAM into mainstream medical treatment, health care organisations and insurance plans.  It has been shown that the process of care may be as important as the outcomes of treatment, which may explain in part the relatively large popularity of CAM for many patients on a world wide base. (Muir Gray JA. Evidence-Based Healthcare. How to Make Health Policy and Management Decisions. 2. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2001) 
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Tai Chi for neuropathy
There are scientific studies showing that Tai Chi prevents elderly people from falls. Thus, as balance and gait are impaired in neuropathic syndromes, it makes sense to try Tai Chi if suffering from mild neuropathy. Here a quotation from a recent (2010) article on Tai Chi in neuropathy:
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